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basic devices

  • 1 основные устройства

    1) Communications: basic devices
    2) Network technologies: basic hardware

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > основные устройства

  • 2 adaptar a una necesidad

    (v.) = time to + need, suit + requirement
    Ex. He can be persuaded through many devices to take the desired road, but the devices themselves must be selected, tuned, and timed to the individual's need to satisfy his basic nature.
    Ex. It is possible, in many network systems, to enter a centralized database online, to call up a record, to amend that record to suit the individual library's requirement and then to add the amended record to the library's master file.
    * * *
    (v.) = time to + need, suit + requirement

    Ex: He can be persuaded through many devices to take the desired road, but the devices themselves must be selected, tuned, and timed to the individual's need to satisfy his basic nature.

    Ex: It is possible, in many network systems, to enter a centralized database online, to call up a record, to amend that record to suit the individual library's requirement and then to add the amended record to the library's master file.

    Spanish-English dictionary > adaptar a una necesidad

  • 3 reconocimiento

    m.
    1 recognition.
    reconocimiento del habla (computing & linguistics) speech recognition
    2 gratitude (agradecimiento).
    3 examination (medicine).
    4 reconnaissance (military).
    5 medical examination, examination, check-up, exam.
    6 acknowledgement, ACK.
    * * *
    1 (gen) recognition
    2 (admisión) admission
    3 MILITAR reconnaissance
    4 MEDICINA examination, checkup
    \
    en reconocimiento de in recognition of, in appreciation of
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=aprobación) recognition

    en reconocimiento a, como reconocimiento por — in recognition of

    2) (=registro) search, searching; (=inspección) inspection, examination

    reconocimiento de firma — Méx authentication of a signature

    3) (Mil) reconnaissance
    4) (Med) examination, checkup
    5) (Inform)
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Med) tb
    b) ( de territorio) reconnaissance
    2) (frml)
    a) ( aprobación) recognition

    en reconocimiento por or a algo — in recognition of something

    quiero manifestar mi reconocimiento por... — I should like to show my appreciation for...

    b) ( de hecho) recognition
    3) ( legitimación) recognition
    * * *
    = appreciation, recognition, reconnaissance, acknowledgement [acknowledgment], acclaim, tap on the shoulder, validation, survey, admission.
    Ex. An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.
    Ex. This format is becoming common in new thesauri, partly because the recognition of the importance of viewing both relationships and subject terms in one tool.
    Ex. The 'strategic computing' plan announced by the United States in early 1984 envisages, among others, the use of intelligent robots (for example, to serve as ammunition loaders in tanks, or in unmanned reconnaissance and manipulating devices).
    Ex. I hope therefore that they will accept this expression of my sincere thanks as an inadequate but deeply felt acknowledgement of my debt to all of them.
    Ex. In effect, the book started its life rather more as a light entertainment middle-of-the-range hardback autobiography but popular acclaim turned it into a huge mass-market paperback success.
    Ex. 'But we certainly have to establish some fair criteria to determine who gets the tap on the shoulder,' reflected Bough = "Pero ciertamente tenemos que establecer algunos criterios justos para determinar quién recibe las palmaditas en la espalda", dijo Bough.
    Ex. Often referred to as utilities, basic software packages are available for performing basic operations such as data entry and validation, sorting and merging files and editing data.
    Ex. Her invention consists of is a miniature, unmanned, auto-controlled airship which can be used for aerial work such as film and photography, surveillance and survey work.
    Ex. This was not intended as a criticism of their hard working colleagues but simply as an admission that they needed additional support and stimulus.
    ----
    * como reconocimiento a = in recognition of.
    * conseguir reconocimiento = win + recognition.
    * cuaderno de reconocimiento de escritura = handwriting recognition notepad.
    * en reconocimiento de = in recognition of.
    * ganar reconocimiento = gain + credit.
    * merecer reconocimiento = merit + recognition.
    * obtener reconocimiento = gain + recognition.
    * premio de reconocimiento = honour award.
    * recibir reconocimiento = find + recognition.
    * reconocimiento de caracteres = character recognition.
    * reconocimiento de imágenes = image recognition.
    * reconocimiento de imágenes por el ordenador = computer vision.
    * reconocimiento de la voz = voice input and output.
    * reconocimiento del habla = speech recognition, voice recognition.
    * reconocimiento del individuo = affirmation.
    * reconocimiento de modelos = pattern recognition.
    * reconocimiento de patrones = pattern recognition.
    * reconocimiento de voz = voice recognition.
    * reconocimiento médico = checkup [check-up], medical checkup.
    * reconocimiento oficial = accreditation.
    * reconocimiento óptico de caracteres (OCR) = OCR (optical character recognition).
    * rueda de reconocimiento = police line-up, identity parade, identification parade.
    * sin reconocimiento de créditos = non-credit.
    * sistema de reconocimiento académico = academic reward(s) system.
    * tecnología para el reconocimiento de voz = voice recognition technology.
    * título de reconocimiento = honorary scroll.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Med) tb
    b) ( de territorio) reconnaissance
    2) (frml)
    a) ( aprobación) recognition

    en reconocimiento por or a algo — in recognition of something

    quiero manifestar mi reconocimiento por... — I should like to show my appreciation for...

    b) ( de hecho) recognition
    3) ( legitimación) recognition
    * * *
    = appreciation, recognition, reconnaissance, acknowledgement [acknowledgment], acclaim, tap on the shoulder, validation, survey, admission.

    Ex: An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.

    Ex: This format is becoming common in new thesauri, partly because the recognition of the importance of viewing both relationships and subject terms in one tool.
    Ex: The 'strategic computing' plan announced by the United States in early 1984 envisages, among others, the use of intelligent robots (for example, to serve as ammunition loaders in tanks, or in unmanned reconnaissance and manipulating devices).
    Ex: I hope therefore that they will accept this expression of my sincere thanks as an inadequate but deeply felt acknowledgement of my debt to all of them.
    Ex: In effect, the book started its life rather more as a light entertainment middle-of-the-range hardback autobiography but popular acclaim turned it into a huge mass-market paperback success.
    Ex: 'But we certainly have to establish some fair criteria to determine who gets the tap on the shoulder,' reflected Bough = "Pero ciertamente tenemos que establecer algunos criterios justos para determinar quién recibe las palmaditas en la espalda", dijo Bough.
    Ex: Often referred to as utilities, basic software packages are available for performing basic operations such as data entry and validation, sorting and merging files and editing data.
    Ex: Her invention consists of is a miniature, unmanned, auto-controlled airship which can be used for aerial work such as film and photography, surveillance and survey work.
    Ex: This was not intended as a criticism of their hard working colleagues but simply as an admission that they needed additional support and stimulus.
    * como reconocimiento a = in recognition of.
    * conseguir reconocimiento = win + recognition.
    * cuaderno de reconocimiento de escritura = handwriting recognition notepad.
    * en reconocimiento de = in recognition of.
    * ganar reconocimiento = gain + credit.
    * merecer reconocimiento = merit + recognition.
    * obtener reconocimiento = gain + recognition.
    * premio de reconocimiento = honour award.
    * recibir reconocimiento = find + recognition.
    * reconocimiento de caracteres = character recognition.
    * reconocimiento de imágenes = image recognition.
    * reconocimiento de imágenes por el ordenador = computer vision.
    * reconocimiento de la voz = voice input and output.
    * reconocimiento del habla = speech recognition, voice recognition.
    * reconocimiento del individuo = affirmation.
    * reconocimiento de modelos = pattern recognition.
    * reconocimiento de patrones = pattern recognition.
    * reconocimiento de voz = voice recognition.
    * reconocimiento médico = checkup [check-up], medical checkup.
    * reconocimiento oficial = accreditation.
    * reconocimiento óptico de caracteres (OCR) = OCR (optical character recognition).
    * rueda de reconocimiento = police line-up, identity parade, identification parade.
    * sin reconocimiento de créditos = non-credit.
    * sistema de reconocimiento académico = academic reward(s) system.
    * tecnología para el reconocimiento de voz = voice recognition technology.
    * título de reconocimiento = honorary scroll.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Med):
    reconocimiento médico medical examination, medical
    2 (de un territorio) reconnaissance
    3 (de voz) recognition
    B ( frml)
    1
    (aprobación): en reconocimiento por or a los servicios prestados in recognition of services rendered
    queremos manifestarle nuestro reconocimiento por … we should like to show our appreciation for …
    un artista que nunca obtuvo el reconocimiento que merecía an artist who never received the recognition o acknowledgment he deserved
    una ceremonia donde recibió el reconocimiento de sus colegas a ceremony at which she received the acknowledgment of her colleagues
    2 (de un hecho) recognition
    Compuestos:
    speech recognition
    optical character recognition, OCR
    C (legitimación) recognition
    su reconocimiento del nuevo gobierno their recognition of the new government
    * * *

     

    reconocimiento sustantivo masculino

    b) (Med) tb



    reconocimiento sustantivo masculino
    1 (de un hecho) recognition, acknowledgement
    2 (de un paciente) examination, checkup
    3 (de un territorio) reconnaissance
    vuelo de reconocimiento, surveillance flight
    4 (gratitud) appreciation
    ' reconocimiento' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    consagrar
    - consagrarse
    - espaldarazo
    - gloria
    - honor
    - honra
    - lograr
    - otorgar
    - rueda
    - médico
    - reivindicación
    English:
    acceptance
    - acknowledgement
    - admission
    - credit
    - examination
    - examine
    - recce
    - recognition
    - reconnaissance
    - voice recognition
    - acknowledgment
    - physical
    - survey
    * * *
    1. [identificación] recognition
    Informát & Ling reconocimiento del habla speech recognition; Informát reconocimiento óptico de caracteres optical character recognition; Informát reconocimiento de voz voice recognition
    2. [admisión] [de error, culpa] admission;
    [de méritos, autoridad] recognition
    3. [examen, inspección] examination
    reconocimiento médico medical examination o checkup
    4. [inspección] surveying;
    Mil reconnaissance;
    hacer un reconocimiento to reconnoitre;
    hizo un viaje de reconocimiento antes de irse a vivir a Perú he went on a reconnaissance trip before moving to Peru;
    un vuelo/avión de reconocimiento a reconnaissance flight/plane
    5. [agradecimiento] gratitude;
    en reconocimiento por in recognition of
    6. [respeto] recognition
    7. Der [de hijo] recognition;
    [de firma] authentication; [de sindicato, partido, derecho] recognition
    * * *
    m
    1 recognition;
    en reconocimiento a ( agradecimiento) in recognition of
    2 de error acknowledg(e)ment
    3 MED examination, check-up
    4 MIL reconnaissance
    * * *
    1) : acknowledgment, recognition, avowal
    2) : (medical) examination
    3) : reconnaissance
    * * *
    reconocimiento n recognition

    Spanish-English dictionary > reconocimiento

  • 4 НКУ распределения и управления

    1. switchgear/controlgear
    2. switchgear and controlgear
    3. switchboard
    4. PSC-assembly
    5. power switchgear and controlgear assembly
    6. panel
    7. LV switchgear assembly
    8. LV switchgear and controlgear assembly
    9. low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
    10. low voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
    11. low voltage switchboard
    12. low voltage controlgear and assembly
    13. electrical switchboard
    14. assembly

     

    низковольтное устройство распределения и управления (НКУ)
    Низковольтные коммутационные аппараты и устройства управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования, собранные совместно, со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями и конструктивными элементами.
    [ ГОСТ Р МЭК 61439-1-2012]

    низковольтное устройство распределения и управления
    Комбинация низковольтных коммутационных аппаратов с устройствами управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования и т. п., полностью смонтированных изготовителем НКУ (под его ответственность на единой конструктивной основе) со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями с соответствующими конструктивными элементами
    Примечания
    1. В настоящем стандарте сокращение НКУ используют для обозначения низковольтных комплектных устройств распределения и управления.
    2. Аппараты, входящие в состав НКУ, могут быть электромеханическими или электронными.
    3. По различным причинам, например по условиям транспортирования или изготовления, некоторые операции сборки могут быть выполнены на месте установки, вне предприятия-изготовителя.
    [ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]

    EN

    power switchgear and controlgear assembly (PSC-assembly)
    low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly used to distribute and control energy for all types of loads, intended for industrial, commercial and similar applications where operation by ordinary persons is not intended
    [IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

    low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
    combination of one or more low-voltage switching devices together with associated control, measuring, signalling, protective, regulation equipment, etc., completely assembled under the responsibility of the manufacturer with all the internal electrical and mechanical interconnections and structural parts.
    [IEC 61892-3, ed. 2.0 (2007-11)]

    switchgear and controlgear
    a general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting structures
    [IEV number 441-11-01]

    switchgear and controlgear
    electric equipment intended to be connected to an electric circuit for the purpose of carrying out one or more of the following functions: protection, control, isolation, switching
    NOTE – The French and English terms can be considered as equivalent in most cases. However, the French term has a broader meaning than the English term and includes for example connecting devices, plugs and socket-outlets, etc. In English, these latter devices are known as accessories.
    [IEV number 826-16-03 ]

    switchboard
    A large single electric control panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted (either on the back or on the face, or both) switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and usually instruments; not intended for installation in a cabinet but may be completely enclosed in metal; usually is accessible from both the front and rear.
    [ McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture & Construction]

    switchboard
    One or more panels accommodating control switches, indicators, and other apparatus for operating electric circuits
    [ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]

    FR

    ensemble d'appareillage de puissance (ensemble PSC)
    ensemble d'appareillage à basse tension utilisé pour répartir et commander l'énergie pour tous les types de charges et prévu pour des applications industrielles, commerciales et analogues dans lesquelles l'exploitation par des personnes ordinaires n'est pas prévue
    [IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

    appareillage, m
    matériel électrique destiné à être relié à un circuit électrique en vue d'assurer une ou plusieurs des fonctions suivantes: protection, commande, sectionnement, connexion
    NOTE – Les termes français et anglais peuvent être considérés comme équivalents dans la plupart des cas. Toutefois, le terme français couvre un domaine plus étendu que le terme anglais, et comprend notamment les dispositifs de connexion, les prises de courant, etc. En anglais, ces derniers sont dénommés "accessories".
    [IEV number 826-16-03 ]

    appareillage
    terme général applicable aux appareils de connexion et à leur combinaison avec des appareils de commande, de mesure, de protection et de réglage qui leur sont associés, ainsi qu'aux ensembles de tels appareils avec les connexions, les accessoires, les enveloppes et les charpentes correspondantes
    [IEV number 441-11-01]


    A switchboard as defined in the National Electrical Code is a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted, on the face or back or both switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and, usually, instruments.
    Switchboards are generally accessible from the rear as well as from the front and are not intended to be installed in cabinets.
    The types of switchboards, classified by basic features of construction, are as follows:
    1. Live-front vertical panels
    2. Dead-front boards
    3. Safety enclosed boards( metal-clad)

    [American electricians’ handbook]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    The switchboard plays an essential role in the availability of electric power, while meeting the needs of personal and property safety.

    Its definition, design and installation are based on precise rules; there is no place for improvisation.

    The IEC 61439 standard aims to better define " low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies", ensuring that the specified performances are reached.

    It specifies in particular:

    > the responsibilities of each player, distinguishing those of the original equipment manufacturer - the organization that performed the original design and associated verification of an assembly in accordance with the standard, and of the assembly manufacturer - the organization taking responsibility for the finished assembly;

    > the design and verification rules, constituting a benchmark for product certification.

    All the component parts of the electrical switchboard are concerned by the IEC 61439 standard.

    Equipment produced in accordance with the requirements of this switchboard standard ensures the safety and reliability of the installation.

    A switchboard must comply with the requirements of standard IEC 61439-1 and 2 to guarantee the safety and reliability of the installation.

    Managers of installations, fully aware of the professional and legal liabilities weighing on their company and on themselves, demand a high level of safety for the electrical installation.

    What is more, the serious economic consequences of prolonged halts in production mean that the electrical switchboard must provide excellent continuity of service, whatever the operating conditions.
    [Schneider Electric]

    НКУ играет главную роль в обеспечении электроэнергией, удовлетворяя при этом всем требованиям по безопасности людей и сохранности имущества.

    Выбор конструкции, проектирование и монтаж основаны на чётких правилах, не допускающих никакой импровизации.

    Требования к низковольтным комплектным устройствам распределения и управления сформулированы в стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000).

    В частности, он определяет:

    > распределение ответственности между изготовителем НКУ - организацией, разработавшей конструкцию НКУ и проверившей его на соответствие требованиям стандарта, и сборщиком – организацией, выполнившей сборку НКУ;

    > конструкцию, технические характеристики, виды и методы испытаний НКУ.

    В стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000) описываются все компоненты НКУ.

    Оборудование, изготовленное в соответствии с требованиями этого стандарта, обеспечивает безопасность и надежность электроустановки.

    Для того чтобы гарантировать безопасность эксплуатации и надежность работы электроустановки, распределительный щит должен соответствовать требованиям стандарта МЭК 61439-1 и 2.

    Лица, ответственные за электроустановки, должны быть полностью осведомлены о профессиональной и юридической ответственности, возложенной на их компанию и на них лично, за обеспечение высокого уровня безопасности эксплуатации этих электроустановок.

    Кроме того, поскольку длительные перерывы производства приводят к серьезным экономическим последствиям, электрический распределительный щит должен обеспечивать надежную и бесперебойную работу независимо от условий эксплуатации.
    [Перевод Интент]

     

    LV switchgear assemblies are undoubtedly the components of the electric installation more subject to the direct intervention of personnel (operations, maintenance, etc.) and for this reason users demand from them higher and higher safety requirements.

    The compliance of an assembly with the state of the art and therefore, presumptively, with the relevant technical Standard, cannot be based only on the fact that the components which constitute it comply with the state of the art and therefore, at least presumptively, with the relevant technical standards.

    In other words, the whole assembly must be designed, built and tested in compliance with the state of the art.

    Since the assemblies under consideration are low voltage equipment, their rated voltage shall not exceed 1000 Va.c. or 1500 Vd.c. As regards currents, neither upper nor lower limits are provided in the application field of this Standard.

    The Standard IEC 60439-1 states the construction, safety and maintenance requirements for low voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies, without dealing with the functional aspects which remain a competence of the designer of the plant for which the assembly is intended.
    [ABB]

    Низковольтные комплектные устройства (НКУ), вне всякого сомнения, являются частями электроустановок, которые наиболее подвержены непосредственному вмешательству оперативного, обслуживающего и т. п. персонала. Вот почему требования потребителей к безопасности НКУ становятся все выше и выше.

    Соответствие НКУ современному положению дел и вследствие этого, гипотетически, соответствующим техническим стандартам, не может основываться только на том факте, что составляющие НКУ компоненты соответствуют современному состоянию дел и поэтому, по крайней мере, гипотетически, - соответствующим техническим стандартам

    Другими словами, НКУ должно быть разработано, изготовлено и испытано в соответствии с современными требованиями.

    Мы рассматриваем низковольтные комплектные устройства и это означает, что их номинальное напряжение не превышает 1000 В переменного тока или 1500 В постоянного тока. Что касается тока, то ни верхнее, ни нижнее значение стандартами, относящимися к данной области, не оговариваются

    Стандарт МЭК 60439-1 устанавливает требования к конструкции, безопасности и техническому обслуживанию низковольтных комплектных устройств без учета их функций, полагая, что функции НКУ являются компетенцией проектировщиков электроустановки, частью которых эти НКУ являются.
    [Перевод Интент]

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    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > НКУ распределения и управления

  • 5 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 6 polígono

    m.
    polygon.
    * * *
    1 (figura) polygon
    2 (gen) area; (de viviendas) development, housing estate
    \
    polígono de tiro firing range
    polígono comercial trading estate
    polígono industrial industrial estate
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Mat) polygon
    2) (=terreno) building lot

    polígono de ensayos — test site, testing ground

    polígono de tiro — shooting range; (Mil) firing range, artillery range

    * * *
    1) (Mat) polygon
    2) (Esp) ( zona) area, zone; ( urbanización) development, housing estate
    •
    * * *
    = polygonal, polygon.
    Ex. Given below are some of the display devices that have been incorporated into published thesauri: Euler circles; each concept is defined by a polygonal domain or 'circle'.
    Ex. Instead of a mosaic of small squares, pictures are composed of basic graphic elements -- points, lines, arcs, polygons and rectangles.
    ----
    * polígono comercial = business estate.
    * polígono industrial = industrial site, industrial complex, industrial estate, industrial park.
    * * *
    1) (Mat) polygon
    2) (Esp) ( zona) area, zone; ( urbanización) development, housing estate
    •
    * * *
    = polygonal, polygon.

    Ex: Given below are some of the display devices that have been incorporated into published thesauri: Euler circles; each concept is defined by a polygonal domain or 'circle'.

    Ex: Instead of a mosaic of small squares, pictures are composed of basic graphic elements -- points, lines, arcs, polygons and rectangles.
    * polígono comercial = business estate.
    * polígono industrial = industrial site, industrial complex, industrial estate, industrial park.

    * * *
    A ( Mat) polygon
    B ( Esp)
    1 (zona) area, zone
    2 (residencial) housing development ( AmE), housing estate ( BrE)
    Compuestos:
    firing range
    ( Esp) industrial area o zone, industrial estate ( BrE)
    * * *

    polígono sustantivo masculino
    1 (Mat) polygon
    2 (Esp) ( zona) area, zone;
    ( urbanización) development, housing estate;
    ◊ polígono industrial (Esp) industrial area o zone

    polígono sustantivo masculino
    1 Mat polygon
    2 (terreno) area
    polígono industrial, industrial estate o park
    polígono de tiro, firing range
    ' polígono' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    industrial
    English:
    industrial estate
    - trading estate
    - industrial
    * * *
    1. [figura] polygon
    polígono regular regular polygon
    2. [terreno] polígono industrial Br industrial estate, US industrial park;
    polígono residencial housing development, Br housing estate;
    polígono de tiro firing range
    * * *
    m MAT polygon
    * * *
    : polygon
    ♦ polígonal adj
    * * *
    polígono n (figura) polygon

    Spanish-English dictionary > polígono

  • 7 использоваться

    •

    Advantage was taken of the new material.

    •

    This information will be put to (or into) use in the next chapter.

    •

    Use has been made of this invention in...

    •

    Hydrogen can serve in a variety of energy converters.

    •

    This property has been exploited (or utilized, or taken advantage of) numerous technical applications.

    •

    Solar cells are harnessed to drive cars.

    •

    The basins have been in service for eight years.

    •

    This chapter describes how these mechanisms are made use of (or used, or utilized) in the field-effect transistor.

    •

    Electromechanical devices can be relied on in a great variety of control applications.

    * * *
    Использоваться -- to be used, to be utilized, to be involved, to be employed; to be in use; to make use of
     The basic heat exchanger configuration has been utilized to study the effect of increasing solidity on heat transfer.
     The system is still in use in some installations.
     The enthalpy is involved as a consequence of the flow work at the inlet and outlet.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > использоваться

  • 8 средства


    emergency exit descent de-
    аварийного оставления самолета на земле через аварийные выходы (рис.103) — vices. the stowage provisions for the emergency exit descent devices must be at the exits for which they are intended.
    -, аварийно-спасательные — emergency equipment
    -, бортовые — airborne /on-board/ means
    -, группового спасения (при аварийной посадке на воду) — ditching equipment
    - группового спасения (спасательные плоты) — life rafts
    - для отпугивания акул (применяемое при аварийной посадке в океане) — shark repellent
    - жизнеобеспечения (аварийный бортовой запас, комплект) — survival kit /pack/. place supplementary survival kit in raft.
    - захода на посадку — approach aids
    - индивидуального спасения (спасательные жилеты, детские спасательные жилеты, спасательные люльки) — life preservers (life jackets, child life jackets, baby life cots, inflatable child cradles)
    - механизация крыла — high-lift devices
    система устройств, обеспечивающих увеличение несущей способности крыла при посадке, взлете и маневре (закрылки, предкрылки). увеличение подъемной силы непользуется для пологого планирования и уменьшения посадочной скорости и взлета с повышенной нагрузкой. — mechanical devices emplayed to increase the lift on а basic wing section. the increase in lift is utilized to secure а steeper glide path and slower landing speed and to enable the plane to take off with a greater load.
    - наземного обслуживания (сно) — ground servicing equipment
    - наружного освещения — exterior lights
    -, радионавигационные — radionavigational aids
    радиосистемы для определения местоположения самолета, вывода его в пункт назначения, и обеспечения посадки. — radio systems used to assist aircraft to determine their position, to reach their destination, or to land.
    -, радиотехнические, посадочные — instrument landing system equipment
    - радиоуправления заходом на посадку — instrument approach radio aids
    - связи — means of communication
    - торможения — means of retardation
    механические и аэродинамические устройства для торможения самолета на земле и в воздухе. — the aircraft uses means of retardation other than the wheel brakes.
    -, транспортные (наземные) — transport vehicles

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > средства

  • 9 использоваться

    •

    Advantage was taken of the new material.

    •

    This information will be put to (or into) use in the next chapter.

    •

    Use has been made of this invention in...

    •

    Hydrogen can serve in a variety of energy converters.

    •

    This property has been exploited (or utilized, or taken advantage of) numerous technical applications.

    •

    Solar cells are harnessed to drive cars.

    •

    The basins have been in service for eight years.

    •

    This chapter describes how these mechanisms are made use of (or used, or utilized) in the field-effect transistor.

    •

    Electromechanical devices can be relied on in a great variety of control applications.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > использоваться

  • 10 реостатный пускатель

    1. rheostatic starter

     

    реостатный пускатель
    Пускатель, оснащенный одним или несколькими сопротивлениями для достижения при пуске заданного вращающего момента двигателя и ограничения тока.
    (МЭС 441-14-42)
    [ ГОСТ Р 50030.4.1-2002 (МЭК 60947-4-1-2000)]

    EN

    rheostatic starter
    starter utilizing one or several resistors for obtaining, during starting, stated motor torque characteristics and for limiting the current
    NOTE - A rheostatic starter generally consists of three basic parts which may be supplied either as a composite unit or as separate units to be connected at the place of utilization:
    – the mechanical switching devices for supplying the stator (generally associated with an overload protective device);
    – the resistor(s) inserted in the stator or rotor circuit;
    – the mechanical switching devices for cutting out the resistor(s) successively.
    [IEV 441-14-42]
    [IEC 60947-4-1, ed. 3.0 (2009-09)]

    FR

    démarreur à résistances
    démarreur utilisant une ou plusieurs résistances pour obtenir, au cours du démarrage, des caractéristiques données de couple de démarrage et pour limiter le courant
    NOTE - Un démarreur à résistances est généralement composé de trois parties principales qui peuvent soit être fournies dans le même ensemble, soit être fournies séparément pour être raccordées entre elles sur le lieu d'utilisation:
    – les appareils mécaniques de connexion pour alimentation du stator (généralement associés à un dispositif de protection contre les surcharges);
    – la ou les résistances insérées dans le circuit du stator ou du rotor;
    – les appareils mécaniques de connexion pour l'élimination successive de la ou des résistances.
    [IEV 441-14-42]
    [IEC 60947-4-1, ed. 3.0 (2009-09)]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > реостатный пускатель

  • 11 в сочетании с

    •

    Coupled (or In combination, or Together) with a recording system, these devices are used to measure...

    •

    The system can be used in conjunction with a computer to perform diagnostic programming and checking industrial processes.

    •

    A neoplasm can often be suspected on the basis of the findings from the history and the examination in conjunction with a routine blood count ( med).

    •

    The value of the curvature, together with the magnitude of the field, gives the momentum.

    •

    When coupled with solubility information on common salts this will allow us to develop quite a variety of "predictable" processes.

    * * *
    В сочетании с -- in conjunction with, in combination with; combined with, coupled with, together with
     Some European incinerators use the rotary kiln in conjunction with a flowthrough furnace.
     These observations combined with the well-founded assumptions as to the basic nature of rotating stall have produced an excellent correlation.
     Hence the inlet conditions may be described as near uniform flow coupled with a high rate of mixing in the near wall regions.
     The instrument, together with the calibration adopted, enables the average temperature of the ring to be measured to an accuracy of + 1K.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > в сочетании с

  • 12 электромонтажная схема

    1) Naval: wiring diagram

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > электромонтажная схема

  • 13 соответствовать установившейся практике

    Соответствовать установившейся практике-- The basic composition of the bath corresponds to usual practice. Соответствующий - appropriate (to); associated, involved, applicable, relevant, along the lines of (имеющий отношение к делу); proper, suitable, matching (подходящий); commensurate with, associated, corresponding (связанный зависимостью); corresponding, respective (при сопоставлении нескольких результатов, деталей); conforming to, complying with (подчиняющийся)
     The appropriate values are shown in Table and Fig.
     Physical properties appropriate to methanol boiling at atmospheric pressure were used throughout this analysis.
     It is important to note that the engine contained the normal regenerator disk and associated seals.
     It is possible that it [resonance] is not recognized as the casual agent and a general beefing-up of the parts involved is undertaken as a fix for the problem.
     The supplier shall establish procedures for identifying the product from applicable drawings.
     sT, sr are the stresses to give a specific strain or rupture in the lifetime of the vessel at the relevant temperature.
     Emergency shower, drench hose, and combination units are not a substitute for proper primary protective devices.
     A manipulator along the lines of Fig. has been examined by X.
     It is preferable to accept weaker weld metals with good ductility, rather than a weld metal which has matching strength but poor ductility.
     The atomizing air is preheated to the same temperature as the heated (temperature commensurate with 100 SSU viscosity) residual fuel oil entering the burner oil tube.
     Over the past few decades the generator capacity has been increasing steadily, warranting a corresponding increase in the rotor diameter.
     The initially measured value of the drag coefficient in each run is 10 percent to 12 percent higher than the corresponding steady-state value.
     Surrounding the stagnation zone are streak lines indicating that the fluid adjacent to the plate surface is flowing outward toward the respective edges.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > соответствовать установившейся практике

  • 14 задача курса

    goal of the course

    Задачи курса — научить студентов методам расчета радиоэлектронных схем, чтению схем, ознакомить с современной радиоэлектронной базой. Дать сведения о принципах работы основных радиоэлектронных устройств. — Goals of the course — to teach students the methods of calculation of electronic diagrams, reading of diagrams, to familiarize them with the modern elemental electronics base; to give information on the principles of operation of basic electronic devices.

    Дополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > задача курса

  • 15 устройства


    provisions
    (комплекс)
    -, аварийные (аварийные выходы, люки и оборудование) — emergency provisions
    -, взлетно-посадочные устройства ла для взлета, посадки, руления. — landing gear
    - механизации крыла — high-lift devices
    механические устройства крыла для увеличения подъемной силы (закрылки, предкрылки) (рис.11) — mechanical methods отplayed to increase the lift on а basic wing section. the most common forms are wing flaps and slats.
    - систем охлаждения силовой установки — power plant cooling provisions

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > устройства

  • 16 operating system

    Fin
    a program that controls the basic operation of a computer and its communication with devices such as the keyboard, printer, and mouse

    The ultimate business dictionary > operating system

  • 17 Ducos du Hauron, Arthur-Louis

    [br]
    b. 1837 Langon, Bordeaux, France
    d. 19 August 1920 Agen, France
    [br]
    French scientist and pioneer of colour photography.
    [br]
    The son of a tax collector, Ducos du Hauron began researches into colour photography soon after the publication of Clerk Maxwell's experiment in 1861. In a communication sent in 1862 for presentation at the Académie des Sciences, but which was never read, he outlined a number of methods for photography of colours. Subsequently, in his book Les Couleurs en photographie, published in 1869, he outlined most of the principles of additive and subtractive colour photography that were later actually used. He covered additive processes, developed from Clerk Maxwell's demonstrations, and subtractive processes which could yield prints. At the time, the photographic materials available prevented the processes from being employed effectively. The design of his Chromoscope, in which transparent reflectors could be used to superimpose three additive images, was sound, however, and formed the basis of a number of later devices. He also proposed an additive system based on the use of a screen of fine red, yellow and blue lines, through which the photograph was taken and viewed. The lines blended additively when seen from a certain distance. Many years later, in 1907, Ducos du Hauron was to use this principle in an early commercial screen-plate process, Omnicolore. With his brother Alcide, he published a further work in 1878, Photographie des Couleurs, which described some more-practical subtractive processes. A few prints made at this time still survive and they are remarkably good for the period. In a French patent of 1895 he described yet another method for colour photography. His "polyfolium chromodialytique" involved a multiple-layer package of separate red-, green-and blue-sensitive materials and filters, which with a single exposure would analyse the scene in terms of the three primary colours. The individual layers would be separated for subsequent processing and printing. In a refined form, this is the principle behind modern colour films. In 1891 he patented and demonstrated the anaglyph method of stereoscopy, using superimposed red and green left and right eye images viewed through green and red filters. Ducos du Hauron's remarkable achievement was to propose theories of virtually all the basic methods of colour photography at a time when photographic materials were not adequate for the purpose of proving them correct. For his work on colour photography he was awarded the Progress Medal of the Royal Photographic Society in 1900, but despite his major contributions to colour photography he remained in poverty for much of his later life.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    B.Coe, 1978, Colour Photography: The First Hundred Years, London. J.S.Friedman, 1944, History of Colour Photography, Boston. E.J.Wall, 1925, The History of Three-Colour Photography, Boston. See also Cros, Charles.
    BC

    Biographical history of technology > Ducos du Hauron, Arthur-Louis

  • 18 Evans, Oliver

    [br]
    b. 13 September 1755 Newport, Delaware, USA
    d. 15 April 1819 New York, USA
    [br]
    American millwright and inventor of the first automatic corn mill.
    [br]
    He was the fifth child of Charles and Ann Stalcrop Evans, and by the age of 15 he had four sisters and seven brothers. Nothing is known of his schooling, but at the age of 17 he was apprenticed to a Newport wheelwright and wagon-maker. At 19 he was enrolled in a Delaware Militia Company in the Revolutionary War but did not see active service. About this time he invented a machine for bending and cutting off the wires in textile carding combs. In July 1782, with his younger brother, Joseph, he moved to Tuckahoe on the eastern shore of the Delaware River, where he had the basic idea of the automatic flour mill. In July 1782, with his elder brothers John and Theophilus, he bought part of his father's Newport farm, on Red Clay Creek, and planned to build a mill there. In 1793 he married Sarah Tomlinson, daughter of a Delaware farmer, and joined his brothers at Red Clay Creek. He worked there for some seven years on his automatic mill, from about 1783 to 1790.
    His system for the automatic flour mill consisted of bucket elevators to raise the grain, a horizontal screw conveyor, other conveying devices and a "hopper boy" to cool and dry the meal before gathering it into a hopper feeding the bolting cylinder. Together these components formed the automatic process, from incoming wheat to outgoing flour packed in barrels. At that time the idea of such automation had not been applied to any manufacturing process in America. The mill opened, on a non-automatic cycle, in 1785. In January 1786 Evans applied to the Delaware legislature for a twenty-five-year patent, which was granted on 30 January 1787 although there was much opposition from the Quaker millers of Wilmington and elsewhere. He also applied for patents in Pennsylvania, Maryland and New Hampshire. In May 1789 he went to see the mill of the four Ellicot brothers, near Baltimore, where he was impressed by the design of a horizontal screw conveyor by Jonathan Ellicot and exchanged the rights to his own elevator for those of this machine. After six years' work on his automatic mill, it was completed in 1790. In the autumn of that year a miller in Brandywine ordered a set of Evans's machinery, which set the trend toward its general adoption. A model of it was shown in the Market Street shop window of Robert Leslie, a watch-and clockmaker in Philadelphia, who also took it to England but was unsuccessful in selling the idea there.
    In 1790 the Federal Plant Laws were passed; Evans's patent was the third to come within the new legislation. A detailed description with a plate was published in a Philadelphia newspaper in January 1791, the first of a proposed series, but the paper closed and the series came to nothing. His brother Joseph went on a series of sales trips, with the result that some machinery of Evans's design was adopted. By 1792 over one hundred mills had been equipped with Evans's machinery, the millers paying a royalty of $40 for each pair of millstones in use. The series of articles that had been cut short formed the basis of Evans's The Young Millwright and Miller's Guide, published first in 1795 after Evans had moved to Philadelphia to set up a store selling milling supplies; it was 440 pages long and ran to fifteen editions between 1795 and 1860.
    Evans was fairly successful as a merchant. He patented a method of making millstones as well as a means of packing flour in barrels, the latter having a disc pressed down by a toggle-joint arrangement. In 1801 he started to build a steam carriage. He rejected the idea of a steam wheel and of a low-pressure or atmospheric engine. By 1803 his first engine was running at his store, driving a screw-mill working on plaster of Paris for making millstones. The engine had a 6 in. (15 cm) diameter cylinder with a stroke of 18 in. (45 cm) and also drove twelve saws mounted in a frame and cutting marble slabs at a rate of 100 ft (30 m) in twelve hours. He was granted a patent in the spring of 1804. He became involved in a number of lawsuits following the extension of his patent, particularly as he increased the licence fee, sometimes as much as sixfold. The case of Evans v. Samuel Robinson, which Evans won, became famous and was one of these. Patent Right Oppression Exposed, or Knavery Detected, a 200-page book with poems and prose included, was published soon after this case and was probably written by Oliver Evans. The steam engine patent was also extended for a further seven years, but in this case the licence fee was to remain at a fixed level. Evans anticipated Edison in his proposal for an "Experimental Company" or "Mechanical Bureau" with a capital of thirty shares of $100 each. It came to nothing, however, as there were no takers. His first wife, Sarah, died in 1816 and he remarried, to Hetty Ward, the daughter of a New York innkeeper. He was buried in the Bowery, on Lower Manhattan; the church was sold in 1854 and again in 1890, and when no relative claimed his body he was reburied in an unmarked grave in Trinity Cemetery, 57th Street, Broadway.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    E.S.Ferguson, 1980, Oliver Evans: Inventive Genius of the American Industrial Revolution, Hagley Museum.
    G.Bathe and D.Bathe, 1935, Oliver Evans: Chronicle of Early American Engineering, Philadelphia, Pa.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Evans, Oliver

  • 19 Henson, William Samuel

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 3 May 1812 Nottingham, England
    d. 22 March 1888 New Jersey, USA
    [br]
    English (naturalized American) inventor who patented a design for an "aerial steam carriage" and combined with John Stringfellow to build model aeroplanes.
    [br]
    William Henson worked in the lacemaking industry and in his spare time invented many mechanical devices, from a breech-loading cannon to an ice-machine. It could be claimed that he invented the airliner, for in 1842 he prepared a patent (granted in 1843) for an "aerial steam carriage". The patent application was not just a vague outline, but contained detailed drawings of a large monoplane with an enclosed fuselage to accommodate the passengers and crew. It was to be powered by a steam engine driving two pusher propellers aft of the wing. Henson had followed the lead give by Sir George Cayley in his basic layout, but produced a very much more advanced structural design with cambered wings strengthened by streamlined bracing wires: the intended wing-span was 150 ft (46 m). Henson probably discussed the design of the steam engine and boiler with his friend John Stringfellow (who was also in the lacemaking industry). Stringfellow joined Henson and others to found the Aerial Transit Company, which was set up to raise the finance needed to build Henson's machine. A great publicity campaign was mounted with artists' impressions of the "aerial steam carriage" flying over London, India and even the pyramids. Passenger-carrying services to India and China were proposed, but the whole project was far too optimistic to attract support from financiers and the scheme foundered. Henson and Stringfellow drew up an agreement in December 1843 to construct models which would prove the feasibility of an "aerial machine". For the next five years they pursued this aim, with no real success. In 1848 Henson and his wife emigrated to the United States to further his career in textiles. He became an American citizen and died there at the age of 75.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Henson's diary is preserved by the Institute of Aeronautical Sciences in the USA. Henson's patent of 1842–3 is reproduced in Balantyne and Pritchard (1956) and Davy (1931) (see below).
    Further Reading
    H.Penrose, 1988, An Ancient Air: A Biography of John Stringfellow, Shrewsbury.
    A.M.Balantyne and J.L.Pritchard, 1956, "The lives and work of William Samuel Henson and John Stringfellow", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (June) (an attempt to analyse conflicting evidence; includes a reproduction of Henson's patent).
    M.J.B.Davy, 1931, Henson and Stringfellow, London (an earlier work with excellent drawings from Henson's patent).
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Henson, William Samuel

  • 20 Pixii, Antoine Hippolyte

    SUBJECT AREA: Electricity
    [br]
    b. 1808 France
    d. 1835
    [br]
    French instrument maker who devised the first machine to incorporate the basic elements of a modern electric generator.
    [br]
    Mechanical devices to transform energy from a mechanical to an electrical form followed shortly after Faraday's discovery of induction. One of the earliest was Pixii's magneto generator. Pixii had been an instrument maker to Arago and Ampère for a number of years and his machine was first announced to the Academy of Sciences in Paris in September 1832. In this hand-driven generator a permanent magnet was rotated in close proximity to two coils on soft iron cores, producing an alternating current. Subsequently Pixii adapted to a larger version of his machine a "see-saw" switch or commutator devised by Ampère, in order to obtain a unidirectional current. The machine provided a current similar to that obtained with a chemical cell and was capable of decomposing water into oxygen and hydrogen. It was the prototype of many magneto-electric machines which followed.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Academy of Sciences, Paris, Gold Medal 1832.
    Further Reading
    B.Bowers, 1982, A History of Electric Light and Power, London, pp. 70–2 (describes the development of Pixii's generator).
    C.Jackson, 1833, "Notice of the revolving electric magnet of Mr Pixii of Paris", American Journal of Science 24:146–7.
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Pixii, Antoine Hippolyte

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